Our study examines whether citizens punish political misbehavior by estimating the impact of disciplinary sanctions on the re-election Goalkeeper Gloves of political parties in Colombian mayoral elections.Results reveal that disciplinary sanctions have no effect on the re-election of paramilitary-linked parties.However, they can have a significant negative impact on the re-election of traditional and Jojoba minority parties.
The lack of punishment suggests that organizations manipulate voters through persuasion mechanisms, aligned with the Schumpeterian view of political competition.